Nitrogen fertilizer and clover inclusion effects on the establishment of fine fescue taxa

Little information exists on establishment vigor differences among fine fescue taxa (Festuca L. spp.) and the effects N fertilizer levels or clover (Trifolium spp.)-inclusion during establishment. Five replicated field experiments in Indiana, Minnesota, Oregon were conducted from 2019 to 2021. Data collection continued for 9 mo after planting investigate four determine optimal fertility clover-inclusion programs of taxa. Six ranged 0 122.5 kg ha?1 8 wk planting, two treatments included + at seeding. The three Festuca rubra complex—strong creeping red (F. ssp. Gaudin), slender [F. littoralis (G. Mey.) Auquier], Chewings commutata Gaudin)—were similar one another required shortest amount time until 90% (i.e., faster establishment) compared with hard brevipila Tracey). Providing 24.5 seeding hastened all fescues no (0 ha?1). Applying 49 provided than treatment; however, receiving 73.5–122.5 first a rate as ha?1. Inclusion resulted slower ?24.5